Why Choose the Shielded Cabling System

Shielded VS. Unshielded

In Network Cabling system at all levels, there are two main technical types: Shielded and Unshielded cabling systems. Since the earliest fabric cabling standards since its establishment types on these two technologies are widespread in the market. Germany, Australia, Switzerland and France in the first preference or relatively shielded cabling system, while in other parts of the world, the more popular non-shielded cabling system and will soon be adopted. Both shielded and unshielded gigabit transfer rate to meet the requirements, but when the transmission rate up to Gigabit or even higher, the shield system to support the stability of the advantages of the high frequency transmission becomes very apparent.

What is the function of shielded?
F/UTP

F/UTP cable shielding structure is four pairs of wires in the data cable outside the contractor a layer of aluminum foil shielded, this layer of shielding can be reduced to a great extent the total package:

1. This is the root of the signal transmission cable radiated interference signals on the impact of adjacent data cable (for example: the same bundle of cables in the adjacent data cable).

2. Interference from other data cable or other interference source signal for this cable.

3. For a high quality data transmission system, which is significant in two kinds of effects. If the external interference signal is strong enough it will happen with the normal transmission signal stack a plus, resulting in reduced transmission performance even the entire system can not work properly.

S/FTP

S/FTP structure in addition to the total package of braided foil shield, Twisted Pair Cable is respectively in each pair with a layer of aluminum foil shield to protect the transmission signal does not interfere with each other, so near-end crosstalk attenuation (NEXT)performance dramatically.  NEXT better performance means higher SNR and better transmission quality and faster system output. S/FTP shielded cables NEXT excellent structural performance of other cables (such as non-shielded U/UTP) can not be compared, therefore, ISO11801 on the Cat 7 (600MHz) and Cat 7a  (1000MHz) only provides the S/FTP cable structure, U/UTP cannot meet.

10GBase-T make data cable is facing new problems: Alien Crosstalk

2006 Copper Gigabit Ethernet applications published the proposed new standard transport protocols 10GBASE-T compared to 1000Base-T, its transmission rate increased 10 times. 1000BASE-T copper cabling required parameters (Attenuation, NEXT, Return Loss, etc.) the bandwidth required to reach 1-100MHz, with UTP Cat 5e (Class D) cabling system to meet requirements. 10GBASE-T cabling channel requirements of all component parameters have to be up to 500MHz bandwidth, which requires copper to reach at least Cat.6A (Class Ea) or higher level.

Along with the development of 10GBASE-T, external noise problems become more evident, resulting in a specification for external noise to be used to assess in the same bundle of cables, the interaction between different cables. This is what we call Alien Crosstalk. Alien Crosstalk will increase with the increase of frequency. Worse, 10GBASE-T confronted with external noise, will not be able to “adaptive” to lower the rate at which the network may be subsequently face paralysis. Therefore, to support 10GBASE-T cabling system application, the ability to resist alien crosstalk is vital.

  • Since 10GBASE-T high transmission frequencies and complex coding method is very sensitive to the external noise.
  • Shielding system excellent coupling atttenuation performance makes it naturally have to resist alien crosstalk.
  • The unshielded system against alien crosstalk is usually only on the performance of 0dB.
  • Shielding system in the design is completely satisfy the application of 10G.
The installation of 10GBase-T: U/UTP VS. FTP

Unshielded system: As far as possible away from power cable during installation; Different applications (1Gb/s and 10Gb/s) in the same pipeline transmission will cause the external crosstalk.

Shielding system: With the power cable can be reduced separation distance; Allow different applications (1 Gb / s and 10 Gb / s) in the same pipeline transmission; Does not need additional external crosstalk test field.

The separation distance between the data cable and power cable

In EN50174 standard defines the content of different coupling attenuation value level of data cable, respectively, from A (low coupling attenuation, worse) to D (high coupling attenuation, good) four levels.

Installers need to know which cable separated levels to determine the choice of the data requirements of the standard cable with power cable between the minimum separation distance. Data cable coupling attenuation higher the value and power cables minimum separation distance between the smaller.

Relative to the shielded cable, the unshielded (U/UTP) separation distance between cable and power cable to further. In the implementation of the project, if need the data cable and power cable isolation far distance, we need a bigger size pipe/bridge, or even additional bridge, doing this will no doubt have higher cost, sometimes limited to the bridge installation space. To make matters worse, these additional requirements often neglected or ignored, resulting in network system is the key point of interference.

Grounding

For shielded, unshielded systems and Fiber Optics Cable, all need to implement protective grounding. Because of the need to consider personal and equipment safety, therefore no matter adopt what kind of cabling system, the metal part of the system must be grounded.

For the shielding system, also need to implement the functional ground. Grounded shielding system functions with respect to the implementation of non-shielded systems only difference is that when you install the module connector and the cable shielding mask area area connected.

Overview

Shielding system relative to the unshielded system has been greatly improved EMC performance. For Gigabit Ethernet applications, shielding against external interference effects is essential, and shielded cabling system had to meet the standards in the design of anti-alien crosstalk (A-XT) requirements, can effectively prevent the cable from the adjacent between the external crosstalk.

Micrel Launches New Limiting Post Amplifier for 10Gbps FTTH PON Network

Micrel Semiconductor has introduced SY88053CL and SY88063CL limiting post amplifier. Both devices support the expansion of the next generation passive optical network (PON) FTTH XGPON and 10GEPON optical line terminal (OLT) ideal for applications. The product line also applies to support multi-rate applications. Fiber optic transceiver module, the maximum rate is up to 12.5Gbps. Support for Ethernet, Fibre Channel, OTN and OBSAI data rate.
“These new devices offer an impressive number of features including a new level of high bandwidth, high input sensitivity with programmable, wide range SD Assert and LOS De-Assert threshold levels, 4dB of electrical hysteresis, and stable SD Assert and LOS De-Assert timing to meet the stringent requirements of next generation PON network,” stated Tom Kapucija,director of marketing for the high speed communications business, Micrel. “Thesse features enable link efficiency optimization with increased system reach, higher link up-time and higher payload bandwidth.”Vice president for the timing and communications business group, Rami Kanama, said, “As the demand for more data at higher speeds increases, carries need to meet this demand by upgrading their line-side equipment and revamping their networks. Micrel continues its effort in addressing this demand at the device level. Our new optical limiting amplifier delivers speed, performance, and features that is critical to solving technical difficulties facing next generation FTTH, Enterprise, and transport networks. With increased link efficiency, system operators can achieve higher data transmission performance and potentially reduce carries’ CapEx and OpEx.”
Both devices incorporate fast SD Assert and LOS De-Assert times across the entire differential input voltage range of 5mVPP to 1800mVPP which enables improved link efficiency and optimization. In 3mVPP to 30mVPP wide LOS / SD threshold range provides a 4dB electrical hysteresis.  Integrated 50 Ohm input and output impedances optimize high speed signal integrity while reducing external component counts and in turn, cost. TTL compatible JAM input enables a SQUELCH function by routing back the LOS or SD signal.
The SY88053CL enable user adjustable decision threshold adjustment for optimized Bit Erro Rate operation in noisy applications with asymmetrical noise distribution while the SY880563CL provides a user selectable Digital Offset Correction function that automatically compensates for internal device offsets in the high speed data path. Other features include multi-rate 1Gbps to 12.5Gpbs operations, optional LOS or SD output, selectable RXOUT +/ RXOUT- signal polarity (SY88053CL) and 25ps typical rise / fall time. Beyond the current customer demand through increased performance margins, improved manufacturability of the module, while reducing costs. By increasing each node and the downstream branch exceeds 512ns link budget margin established, to improve the efficiency and data throughput of the link. By optimizing in a noisy environment and the error rate or RAMAN EDFA Optical Amplifier noise characteristics of asymmetric compensation, expanding the system extends the scope to improve the data throughput.
Both devices offer a wide power supply range of 3.3V+/-10 percent and come in an industrial temperature range of -40 degC to +85-degC and a tiny 3mm x 3mm QFN package.
Source: www.fs.com/news/

Three Types of Cable Connectors Used in Cabling Installation Techniques

There are three types cable connectors in a basic cabling installation techniques: twisted-pair connectors,coaxial cable connectors and fiber-optic connectors. Generally cable connectors have a male component and a female component, except in the case of hermaphroditic connectors such as the IBM data connector. Usually jacks and plugs are symmetrically shaped, but sometimes they are keyed. This means that they have a unique, asymmetric shape or some system of pins, tabs, and slots that ensure that the plug can be inserted only one way in the jack.

Twisted-Pair Cable Connectors

Many people in the cabling business use twisted-pair connectors more than any other type of connector. The connectors include the modular RJ types of jacks and plugs and the hermaphroditic connector employed by IBM that is used with shielded twisted-pair cabling. Twisted-Pair Cable Connectors are used with patch panels, punchdown blocks, and wall plates. Twisted-Pair Cable connector is called an IDC, or insulation displacement connector.

Most unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and screened twisted-pair (ScTP) cable installations use patch panels and, consequently, 110-style termination blocks. The 110-Block contains rows of specially designed slots in which the cables are terminated using a punch-down tool. When terminating 66-blocks, 110-blocks, and often, wall plates, both UTP and ScTP connectors use IDC technology to establish contact with the copper conductors. You don’t strip the wire insulation off the conductor as you would with a screw-down connection. Instead, you force the conductor either between facing blades or onto points that pierce the plastic insulation and make contact with the conductor.

Both UTP and ScTP cables use modular jacks and plugs. For decades, modular jacks have been commonplace in the home for telephone wiring. Modular connectors come in four-, six-, and eight-position configurations. The number of positions defines the width of the connector. However, often only some of the positions have metal contacts installed. Make sure that the connectors you purchase are properly populated with contacts for your application.

Common Modular-Jack Designations and Their Configuration
Coaxial Cable Connectors

Unless you have operated a 10Base-2 or 10Base-5 Ethernet network, you are probably familiar only with the coaxial connectors you have in your home for use with televisions and video equipment. Actually, a number of different types of coaxial connectors exist.

The coax connectors used with video equipment are referred to as F-series connectors.The F-connector consists of a ferrule that fits over the outer jacket of the cable and is crimped in place. The center conductor is allowed to project from the connector and forms the business end of the plug. A threaded collar on the plug screws down on the jack, forming a solid connection. F-connectors are used primarily in residential installations for RG-58, RG-59, and RG-6 coaxial cables to provide CATV, security-camera, and other video services.

F-Series Coaxial Connectors

F-connectors are commonly available in one-piece and two-piece designs. In the two-piece design, the ferrule that fits over the cable jacket is a separate sleeve that you slide on before you insert the collar portion on the cable. Experience has shown us that the single-piece design is superior. Fewer parts usually means less fumbling, and the final crimped connection is both more aesthetically pleasing and more durable. However, the usability and aesthetics are largely a function of the design and brand of the two-piece product. Some two-piece designs are very well received by the CATV industry.

N-Series Coaxial Connectors

The N-connector is very similar to the F-connector but has the addition of a pin that fits over the center conductor; The pin is suitable for insertion in
the jack and must be used if the center conductor is stranded instead of solid. The assembly is attached to the cable by crimping it in place. A screw-on collar ensures a reliable connection with the jack. The N-type connector is used with RG-8, RJ-11U, and thicknet cables for data and video backbone applications.

The BNC Connector

When coaxial cable distributes data in commercial environments, the BNC connector is often used. BNC stands for Bayonet Neill-Concelman, which describes both the method of securing the connection and its inventors. Many other expansions of this acronym exist, including British Naval Connector, Bayonet Nut Coupling, Bayonet Navy Connector, and so forth. Used with RG-6, RG-58A/U thinnet, RG-59, and RG-62 coax, the BNC utilizes a center pin, as in the N-connector, to accommodate the stranded center conductors usually found in data coax.

The BNC connector comes as a crimp-on or a design that screws onto the coax jacket. As with the F-connector, the screw-on type is not considered reliable and should not be used. The rigid pin that goes over the center conductor may require crimping or soldering in place. The rest of the connector assembly is applied much like an F-connector, using a crimping die made specifically for a BNC connector.

Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors

Fiber-optic connections use different terminology than copper based connectors. The male end of the connection in a fiber-optic system is termed the connector, in contrast to the plug in a copperbased system. The female end of the connection is termed the receptacle or adapter, in contrast to the jack in a copper-based system.

To transmit data up to 10Gbps, two fibers are typically required: one to send and the other to receive. For 40Gbps and 100Gbps over multimode, as many as 24 fibers will be required. Fiber optic connectors fall into one of three categories based on how the fiber is terminated:

  • Simplex connectors terminate only a single fiber in the connector assembly.
  • Duplex connectors terminate two fibers in the connector assembly.
  • Array connectors terminate more than two fibers (typically 12 or 24 fibers) in the connector assembly.

The disadvantage of simplex connectors is that you have to keep careful track of polarity. In other words, you must always make sure that the connector on the “send” fiber is always connected to the “send” receptacle (or adapter) and that the “receive” connector is always connected to the “receive” receptacle (or adapter). The real issue is when normal working folk need to move furniture around and disconnect from the receptacle in their work area and then get their connectors mixed up. Experience has shown us that the connectors are not always color coded or labeled properly. Getting them reversed means, at the least, that link of the network won’t work.

Array and duplex connectors and adapters take care of this issue. Once terminated, color coding and keying ensures that the connector can be inserted only one way in the adapter and will always achieve correct polarity.

The SFF Connector

As transmission rates increase and networks require the cramming in of a greater number of connections, the industry has developed small-form-factor (SFF) connectors and adapter systems for fiber-optic cables. The SC, ST, and FC Connectors shown in Table 10.5 all take up more physical space than their RJ-45 counterparts on the copper side. This makes multimedia receptacle faceplates a little crowded and means that you get fewer terminations (lower density) in closets and equipment rooms than you can get with copper in the same space. The goal for the designers of the SFF connector was to create an optical-fiber connector with the same or lower crosssectional footprint as an RJ-45-style connector in order to increase the number of connections per area (higher density). The LC, the VF-45, and the MT-RJ SFF fiber-optic connectors were initially developed to support the increase in density of fiber connections. The LC Connectoris gaining greater use and is regarded by many optical-fiber professionals.

WDM Networks: The Transponder

In optical fiber communications, Optical Transponder sends and receives the optical signal from a fiber. A transponder is typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance signal travels.

The transponders are of two types namely transmit transponders and receive transponders. The function of transmit transponder is to convert the incoming optical signal into pre-defined optical wavelength. The transponder (transmit) first converts the optical signal to an electrical signal and performs reshaping, retiming and retransmitting functions, also called 3R functions. The electrical signal is then used to drive the laser, which generates the optical signals having optical wavelength. The output from the all transponders (transmits) is fed to combiner in order to
combine all optical channels in optical domain. In receive transponder, reverse process takes place.

Individual wavelengths are first split from the combined optical signal with the help of Fiber Optical Splitter and then fed to individual receive transponders, which convert the optical signal to electrical, thus 3R function and finally convert the signal back to the optical. Thus the individual channels are obtained. As the output of the transponder is factory set to a particular wavelength, each optical channel requires unique transponder.

Often, fiber optic transponders are used for testing interoperability and compatibility. Typical tests and measurements include jitter performance, receiver sensitivity as a function of bit error rate (BER), and transmission performance based on path penalty. Some fiber optic transponders are also used to perform transmitter eye measurements.

The transponder according to the invention utilises delays that are switchable between different optical fiber lines, so as to be able to select many different lengths without the necessity of re-designing the same transponder. Moreover, the transponder according to the invention uses a Single Side Band (SSB) optical component which produces an optical shift of the frequency of the radar signal, that avoids the drawbacks and solves the problems of the traditional electrical systems. The transponder according to the invention is comprised in multifunctional radar systems and allows at least three different uses: the first is the systems calibration on the basis of moving targets that are simulated in the production step,the second one is the performances test of a radar that has already been calibrated in the step of the system acceptance by the client (Field Acceptance Test), and the third one is the support to the identification of possible faults and nonworking partsof the radar, during the operation life of the same radar system. The transponder of the invention comes out to be easily producible and transportable.

An integrated transponder will also be needed: one transponder that couples to 10 individual fibers at a much lower cost than 10 individual transponders. With a super-channel transponder, several wavelengths are used, each with its own laser, modulator and detector. Photonic integration is the challenge to achieve a cost-effective transponder.

The Difference Between Fiber Optic Transponder And Fiber Transceiver

A transponder and transceiver are both functionally similar devices that convert a full-duplex electrical signal in a full-duplex optical signal. The difference between the two is that fiber transceivers interface electrically with the host system using a serial interface, whereas transponders use a parallel interface. So transponders are easier to handle lower-rate parallel signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers.

The Application of 10G PON Technology

With the major carriers “Broadband speed”, “Light of Copper” project extensively, The future will be a multimedia broadband services, video on demand, interactive games as the main feature, high-bandwidth, integrated operators will be judged promoted by the merits of the standard broadband products.

Under the broadband Fiber Optic Products in the trend, PON technology has become the world’s attention to various telecom operators hot technology is one of the operators to implement “broadband speed”, “Light of Copper” engineering technology base. Wheter EPON, or GPON, which provides only for the uplink and downlink bandwidth of 1G or 2G, but with the current interactive network TV (IPTV), high definition television (HDTV), online games, video services and other large flow, a large broadband business development and popularization of the per-user bandwidth demand is expected to grow every three years, a trend of increasing magnitude, from the future operator of long-term trends, per-user bandwidth demand will be 50-100 Mbit/s between. This way, EPON and GPON are unable to meet the future needs of the development of broadband services, the existing PON port bandwidth, there will be a bottleneck. Therefore, ITU-T, FSAN, IEEE and other major standards organizations begin the next generation of PON technology research.

Similar to 1G PON Technology, 10G PON and 10G EPON technology is still divided into two camps 10G GPON. In IEEE 802.3av 10G EPON standards, maximizing follows the usual IEEE 802.3ah content, with good upward compatibility.

10G PON technical analysis

Recalling the history of PON technology can be found in each of the PON technology from birth to the end of the day have to go through large-scale commercial development of technical standards, the relevant chip and optical module development, test and production, the creation of experimental and commercial bureau 4 stages of deployment, which lasted five years or so, each one of which will go through several stages of development of the argument.

Standardization Advances

Standards are mature is the precondition of judging whether a technology have lead to condition. At this stage, including IEEE, ITU-T, FSAN and number of ongoing international standardization organizations 10G EPON and 10G GPON standards development work of two technologies. Overall, the 10G EPON technology start time earlier than 10G GPON, therefore, the current standardization process of 10G EPON slightly faster than 10G GPON.

a. 10G EPON

Technologies with 1G EPON, 10G EPON standards are mainly led by the IEEE to complete. IEEE organization at September 12, 2009 released the 10G EPON international standards 802.3av, this standard focuses on the physical layer 10G EPON technology research, followed the tradition of 1G EPON MPCP protocol, the 1G EPON downlink bandwidth increases to 10G at the same time, to ensure that the operator of the original investment is not compromised and 10G EPON smooth upgrade, IEEE 802.3av standard defines and 1G EPON ONU coexist in the same ODN network of 10G EPON ONU standard parameters.

Further, in IEEE 802.3av standard, the physical layer defines two parameters: one asymmetric model, which 10G rate downlink and 1G rate uplink; other is symmetrical pattern, i.e. uplink rate and downlink rate are both 10G. Asymmetric mode can be considered as a transitional form symmetrical patterns, in the early less demand for upstream bandwidth and cost sensitive applications, you can use an asymmetric form. With the development of business and technology progress, will be gradually transition to a symmetrical mode.

b. 10G GPON

According to ITU-T Study plans, NGPON will experience two standard phases: the first phase is the coexistence with GPON, GPON ODN heavy use of XG-PON, which in turn contains the uplink and downlink phase XG-PON1 asymmetric and symmetric XG-PON2 two kind of model; Second stage is completely new ODN’s NGA2. High concern Wavelength Division Multiplexing – Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) technology areas belong to the second stage, it was adopted in a fiber access network using multiple wavelengths to achieve the expansion, but the burst mode CWDM, colorless ONU transceivers, tunable WDM devices and some difficult technology can not break, WDM-PON is still at the proof stage.

In the end of September 2009 meeting of the ITU-T SG 15 plenary session, Q2 Working Group officially launched the NG-PON standard text in the first stage, that overall demand for next-generation PON systems (G.987.1) and Physical Layer Specifications (G.987.2), and also developed in mid-2010, publishing transmission convergence layer (G.987.3) and management control interface (G.988) standards program.

Technical Parameters

Wheter IEEE 802.3av, or ITU-T G.987 protocol suite, all relevant technical parameters for 10G PON physical layer index, optical power budget to make a detailed definition. However, due to the two major standards organizations considered the starting point, the technical indicators are also some differences.

a. 10G EPON

There are four key points of 10G EPON technology:

1. Defines six 10G EPON optical power budget, in view of the asymmetric mode PRX10, PRX20 and PRX30 as well as for symmetric mode PR10, PR20 and PR30, these six kinds of optical power budget model is basically to meet the construction needs of the service provider network;

2. 10G EPON technology in achieving the 1G EPON conventional multi-point control protocol layer (MPCP) based on the forward compatibility, also extended the original message type, for reporting optical terminal equipment (OLT), ONU Fiber Optic Transceiver switch time to meet the 10G EPON system requirements;

3. 10G EPON uses (255, 223) Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding method, the encoded with FEC coding for the same strain of 1G EPON, but its strong support 10G EPON coding gain can lower the sensitivity of the optical receiver;

4. 10G EPON uplink and downlink wavelength for the re-planning, downlink using 1268-1280nm wavelength, then reuse the original uplink of 1G EPON 1575-1580 nm wavelength, the wavelength in order to avoid conflicts, 10G EPON uplink only use time division multiple access (TDMA) manner.

b. 10G GPON

Has been released G.987.1 standard that defines 10G GPON system’s overall technical requirements and system architecture, clearly put forward the 10G GPON system to ensure good QoS, based on the traditional telecom services to fully support all emerging businesses and the same time, also provides dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm, energy saving, authentication and encryption related content to inherit the original 1G GPON technology; The G.987.2 is the focus of standardized 10G GPON physical layer parameters, including downlink rate, ODN power budget, splitting ratio, up and down the line wavelength range and line coding, etc., although down the line of 10G EPON same wavelength range and 10G EPON, GPON but due to the wavelength with 1G is not conflict, therefore, 10G GPON uplink and downlink are used wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) manner.

Industrial chain development

A complete industrial chain, including chip PON, optical modules and equipment three links. If to analysis PON industry chain, it need to start from the three links, analysis of every link current development status and future development trend.

Overall, 10G EPON and 10G GPON is currently not reach the requirements of large-scale commercial applications, although some equipment manufacturers have recently introduced a 10G EPON or 10G GPON products, and with operators, the creation of some experimental inning, but still in the laboratory testing phase, is still some distance away from the large-scale commercial.

Conclusion

10G PON technology to meet future access networks, “large-capacity, fewer offices,” the direction of development, while improving access speed, supports larger branching ratio, covering more users. Therefore, 10G PON technology will become the future telecom operators to achieve “broadband speed”, “Light of Copper” and other broadband network construction hot technology for sustainable development.

110 Punch Down Block Wiring System

Punch down block, also referred to as a cross-connect block, terminating block, or a connecting block, is a device that connects one group of wires to another group of wires through a system of metal pegs that the wires are attached to, often used in telecommunications closets that support LAN(Local Area Network). Punch down blocks are the predecessors to patch panels and were commonly used to support low-bandwidth Ethernet and token-ring networks.

There are two styles of punch down blocks available for telephony, the 66 block and the 110 block, these blocks are used to connect station cabling to the trunk cabling that goes from an IDF to the MDF.

110 Punch Down Block

A 110 blocks is a updated version of punch down block, is the core part of the connection management system, used to connect wiring for telephone systems, data network wiring, and other low-voltage wiring applications. 110 type wiring block is flame retardant, injection-molded plastic to do the basic devices and the termination cabling system is connecting on it.

The 110 block is designed for 22 through 26 gauge solid wire. This is the termination used on Cat5e Patch Panels, cat 6 patch panel and RJ-45 jacks. They are also formed into block type terminations the size of small 66 blocks. The 110 block is designed for 500 MHz (1 gb/s) or greater bandwidth. 110 blocks are acceptable for use with AES/EBU digital audio at sample rates greater than 268 KHz as well as gigabit networks and analog audio.

The specifications of 110 Blocks are as follows: 25 pairs 110 type wiring block, 50 pairs 110 type wiring block, 110 pairs 110 type wiring block, 300 pairs 110 type wiring block. The distribution frame package of 110 type wiring blocks should also include 4 or 5 blocks, connection block, blank labels and tags folder and the base. 110 type wiring block system uses easy quick-fit plug-hop loops which can be simply rearranged, so it provides a convenient cross-connect to non-professional and technical personnel management system.

110 Punch Down Tool

A Punchdown Tool is used to force solid wire into metal slots on the 110 block. Present residences typically have phone lines entering the house to a sole 110 block, and then it is spread by on-premises wiring to outlet boxes all over the house in a star topology.

Both styles of punch block use a punch down tool to terminate the wires to the block. To terminate a wire, you place it into the terminal and then push it down to make contact with the punch down tool. The punch down tool fits around a 66 block terminal or into a 110 block terminal. One side of the blade is sharp to cut the wire off flush, this is normally marked on the tool with the word cut. Be sure to have this side oriented to cut off the loose end of the wire and not the end going to the other block. Hide extra cable behind the block in case you ever have to reterminate a pair so that you don’t have to reterminate the entire cable.

Whatever the dimensions of the punch down tools are, usage is the same. Many tools have a dual blade that can be flipped depending on which style of block is in use.

How To Purchase Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted Pair Cable is composed of 4 sets mutually intertwined wire wrapped in a layer of insulation coat and composition. The reason to be entangled with each other, because when a current in the wire (in fact, the data stream) when the fields are generated by, and the positive and negative signal line around the two resulting positive and negative magnetic fields will cancel each other out, to reduce signal interference.

Category 5e or Category 6

In accordance with the electrical properties of the different twisted pair can be divided into cat 3, cat 5, cat 5e, cat 6 and Cat 7 Twisted Pair Cables. Different categories of twisted pair cable the price is large difference, and the application is also very different.

In addition to traditional voice systems still use cat 3 twisted pair cable, the network cabling are now largely used cat 5e or cat 6 unshielded twisted pair. Cat 5 unshielded twisted pair, although still can support 1000Base-T, but because of the price is almost the same with cat 5e unshielded twisted pair, therefore, has been gradually fading cabling market.

Although the cat 6 unshielded twisted pair the price is higher, but due to cat 5e cabling system has a very good compatibility, and can be very good support 1000Base-T, it is slowly becoming the darling of cabling. Cat 7 shielded twisted pair is a brand new cabling system, while the perfor-mance is excellent, but because the price is expensive. Construction products less complex alternative, so rarely used in the cabling project.

Cat 6 unshielded twisted pair can be very good support Gigabit Ethernet, and to achieve 100m transmission distance. Therefore, the cat 6 cabling system has been widely used sub-server room cabling, and to retain the ability to upgrade to Gigabit Ethernet horizontal cabling. According to international cabling standards ISO11801, cabling system life expectancy of at least 10 years. As a long-term capital investment, cabling should take full account of the potential demand and network cabling system development, therefore, the availability of funds under the conditions recommended to choose cat 6 building cabling system products.

How to buy twisted pair cable

1. See packing and printing quality. Carefully check the cable box, the packaging is intact, fake in this regard province to province, so the packaging can determine the quality of the user’s first impression. Authentic twisted pair cable of packaging cartons, from the material quality of a material to the printed word should be quite good, stiff cardboard sharp edges. And many manufacturers are still labeled on the product packaging security signs.

2. See skin color and logo. Twisted pair cable insulation shall be printed on the place of origin, such as vendors, performance standards, product categories ( such as CAT5e C6t, etc.), long lines like the word mark.

3. Look twisting density. In order to reduce signal interference, each twisted pair cable are twisted in a counterclockwise direction to each other (also known as twisted around) is made different in the same cable pair is twisted with a different twisting degree. In addition to two pairs of insulated twisting copper conductors according to the requirements, the cable between wire pairs must be twisted counterclockwise. If twisting density does not meet technical requirements, will not match due to cable resistance, leading to more serious near-end crosstalk, thus shortening the transmission distance, reduce the transmission rate. If you find all pairs in the cable twisted around the same density, or wire twisted around the density does not meet the technical requirements, or twisted around the direction of the pair does not meet the requirements, can be determined to be counterfeit.

4. See cable colors. Peel twisted pair after the outer layer of the rubber, you can see the inside by the different colors of the four pairs eight thin, followed by orange, green, blue, brown, each pair of cables with a color cable and a mixing cable components. It should be noted that these colors definitely not subsequently infected with a dye to go, but the use of the corresponding plastic. No color, clear or dyed color cables, is certainly not true cable.

5. Look retardant case. In order to avoid high temperatures or fire resulting burning and damage the cable, twisted pair in addition to the outermost sheath layer should have good tensile properties, but also has flame retardancy.

Genuine cable sheath beneath the barbecue in the fireworks, and gradually melted deformed, but the skin won’t burn itself. If not flame retardant cable is certainly not genuine.

1. In most case can also be twisted by a finger touching the skin to do the initial judement. Fake cable to save costs, the use of inferior cable, feel sticky, there is a certain sense of stagnation, poor quality. True cable feel is really comfortable and the smooth skin.

2. Use hand to knead a pinch cable body, feel is should be full. Cables shall also be free to bend, to facilitate cabling. Taking intoo account the Network Cable in the cabling often need to bend, many regular vendors in the production of cable left gave the skin a certain stretch to ensure that the network cable is not damaged when bent. Therefore, hands pull the regular network cable, and found the skin has extensibility. Good quality cable designed to take into account ease of cabling, try to make it pliable, no matter how easy bending, but not easy to be broken. In order to make the twisted pair in moving not break cable, except for the outer protective layer of skin, internal copper also has a certain toughness. Copper neither too soft nor too hard, too soft or too hard enough to show that the purity of the copper, it will seriously affect the electrical performance of the network cable.

If the application needs to consider the network in the future, in theory, should install the most advanced cabling products, because the cable is often difficult to re-install the update replacement, basically, a cabling system to be applied at least 10 years as a standard to support 4-5 generations of network equipment performance updates, if the future of network equipment better cable is needed to improve data speeds.

Then, with Cat 6 Cables instead of cat 5e cable is inevitable, but these cables re-established engineering is very expensive, so even though cat 6 products price relatively in cat 5e products are a bit expensive, but in order to reduce the network upgrade in the future, cat 6 products are still worth considering.

Protocol Converter Is The Key Component In Communication

The Protocol Converter, a device converts one protocol into other protocol, is ideal for situations where data from monitored equipment is incompatible with the protocols used by the building management system (BMS) or network management system (NMS), such as in cases where legacy monitoring systems are present. The ability of the protocol converter to accept up to 1,024 inputs over 32 modules means flexible integration with multiple alarm and management systems using one simple device. Protocol converters are widely used in process or industrial automation, building automation, substation automation, automatic meter reading and vehicle automation applications.

Protocol converters are normally used with switches, PCIe network cards and fiber media converters, CWDM and DWDM equipment, PDH multiplexers etc. Protocol converter series may put into action the actual transformation in between single E1 protocol port as well as protocol ports of V.35, V.24, RS232 or Ethernet within the tranny system; it may be thoroughly utilized in numerous being able to access problems with regard to providers as well as commercial clients, for example DDN, ATM, as well as for that transformation in between router and E1 port, or even the actual occasion exactly where Ethernet tend to be interconnected from divided internet websites through SDH or even additional tranny gear.

1. Protocol converter can offer local, remote loop-back functions, commanded remote device loop-back as well as pseudo-random code testing perform; loop-back perform may be used without influence on normal network data conversation and can not really lead to the actual meltdown of network;

2. E1 port may support 120ohm/75 ohm opposition concurrently;

3. V.24 port may assistance a rate of 64K or 128K (optional), and may carry out tranny from any kind of specific time-slot within E1 port; also it can function under DTE and DCE modes;

4. V.35 user port may support N*64K (N=1~32) adaptive rate, and may assistance inner, exterior and slave clock modes, in order to end up being designed in order to numerous programs; also it can function under DTE and DCE modes;

5. RS232 port may assistance the actual a good adaptive rate lower than 115.2K;

6. Ethernet port may assistance N*64K (N=1~32) adjustable rate, and may assistance four channels of Switched Ethernet ports and may end up being channel-isolated; Ethernet mode may assistance 10M/100M semi-duplex as well as 10/100M full-duplex modes as well as adaptive mode (optional), as well as assistance VLAN protocol;

7. Ethernet protocol convertor may identify the actual delivering as well as getting information caution associated with E1 port instantly, as well as switch off Ethernet function instantly.

How To Choose A Converter

There are basically two types of protocol converter which are listed below.

1. Software Protocol Converters

2. Hardware Protocol Converters

Some of the most popular industrial automation protocols are DF-1, CAN (Controller Area Network), RS232 Converter, RS422 Converter, ControlNet, DeviceNet, HostLink Protocol, Profibus, Modbus, Honeywell SDS, HART Protocol, EtherNet/IP etc. And some Industrial control system protocols like MTConnect, OPC, OPC UA. Select the converter that best matches your application and communication setup, keeping in mind three key features:

  • Number of connections—some converters support single connections, while others provide as many as 32 multiple connections with multiple serial ports.
  • Baud rate—we have seen converters with baud rates as high as 921kbaud. Converters with lower baud rates are less expensive, but their performance is slower.
  • Connectivity protocol—the converter must support the protocol used by your network, either TTL serial, RS-232, RS-422, or RS-485.

Consider the number of connections, baud rate and connectivity protocol, you can finally buy a protocol converter meet your applications.

EMCORE Added Medallion 8000 to Its 1550nm CATV Fiber Optic Transmitter Porfolio

The leader of compound semiconductor-based components and subsystems for the fiber optics and space solar power markets added the Medallion 8000 to its 1550nm Directly-Modulated DWDM CATV transmitter.

This new design of the EMCORE’s 1550nm CATV fiber transmitter serve for the applications which require both CATVE and Satellite-Intermediate Frequency (SAT-IF) singles to be transmitted over fiber lengths up to 30km. This dual-use capability of the transmitter supports network architecture which requires a single transmitter to carry multiple signals, while lowering costs, system complexity and rack space requirements.
The Mediallion 8000 supports 79-channel NTSC analog signals and/or a combination of QAM and SAT-IF signals with a reduced number of CATV analogy channels. It supports four fixed fiber length options – 0-10km, 5-15km, 10-20km, and 15-25km – with a maximum of 18 Dbm stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) suppression. This product is also available with a selectable fiber length option.
The selectable fiber length option allows the user to set the Medallion 8000 for best optimized CSO (Composite Second Order) distortions at any fiber length from 0-30km in 1km increments and has a maximum SBS suppression of 20dBm.
The Medallion 8000 family of transmitter products is designed to support various CATV transmitter applications with a common platform. 75 ohm CATV RF video input supports frequencies up to 1002 MHz. Other design features include low chirp control. Noise suppression circuitry, and patented pre-distortion technology for high performance with EMCORE’s range of cooled broadband directly modulated lasers. A second 75-ohm RF input supports frequencies up to 2700 Mhz for fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP), SAT-IF, and wireless applications.
Monitoring and configuration of the Medallion 8000 are supported by EMCORE’s latest generation web GUI, Telnet, and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) software via a front-panel display, RS-232 port, and Ethernet port. The Medallion platform is mechanically designed for flexibility and space efficiency including universal rack-mount features, modular front panel design for private label convenience, and optional front and rear port placement. Dual-redundant field-replaceable fans and power supplies are standard.
“The new Medallion 8000 directly modulated transmitter family builds on the strengths of our popular Medallion 6000 externally modulated series and augments our offering for concurrent transmission of CATV and SAT-IF signals over fiber,” said Jaime Reloj, vice president of business development for EMCORE. “Network providers are demanding high-quality, economical delivery of video to their customers, while extending capacity and improving network management intelligence. The Medallion 8000 series transmitters are ideal for extending traditional hybrid fiber coaxial CATV systems, for RF overlay for FTTP, and for RFoG (RF over glass) projects in countries around the world.”
Published by FiberStore, industry news – www.fs.com

Fiber Optic Cables Are The First Option For Data Transmission

Fiber Optical Cable has brought a revolution to the data transmission system. As the earlier Electrical Wire System was difficult to manage and was sometimes also hazardous to life. With the emergence of Fiber Optical Cable, data transmission is no more an irksome job. It is now simplified, providing much more convenient than ever imagined.

Following Are The Reasons For Choosing Optical Cables For Network Cabling:

Safe To Use: Fiber Cable is far better than copper cable from the safety point of view. Copper and Aluminum Wire are good conductors of electricity and carry electric current. But when their outer insulated coating gets damaged, one can experience electric shock that can be dangerous to life. In this regard, Fiber Cables are safer to use because they do not transmit current but rather light waves.

Withstand Rough Conditions: Fiber Cable is capable of resisting tough conditions that co-axial or any other such cable cannot do. The reason is that other cables are usually made up of one or the other metal and are prone to corrosion, while Fiber Cable is covered with protective plastic coating with glass inside and transmits light impulses in spite of electric current, which make it resistant towards corrosion.

Long Distance Data Transmission: There cannot be any comparison in terms of data carrying capacity of Fiber Optical Cable and Copper Cable. Fiber Cable can transmit signals 50 times longer than Copper Cable.

Moreover, signal loss rate of Fiber Optical Wire is also very less, and thus does not need any kind of reminder in transmitting the signals at same pace. Fiber Cable has higher bandwidth that is amount of data communication resources available or consumed – this is the reason how Fiber Cable can transmit data at longer distances.

Easy Installation: Ethernet Cable is long and thin with intact cables inside. It is also light in weight which makes its installation at almost every place easier as compared to other wires.

No Electrical Interference: Fiber Optical Cable neither carries electric current nor need earthing. Therefore, it does not get affected by the electrical interferences. Fiber Cable is immune to moisture and lighting, which makes it ideal to be fitted inside the soil or an area where there is high Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).

Durable and Long Lasting: Fiber Optical Cable is durable and lasts longer than any other cable such as Co-Axial Cable, Copper Cable, etc. It is perfect for network cabling.

Data Security: Extra security can be provided with Fiber Optical Cable as it can be tapped easily and data transmitted through it remains secure, while in case of the Copper Cable there is no surety of data security and any loss of data cannot be obtained back.

There are various types of optical fiber cables available on the market, including 250um Bare Fiber, 900um Tight Buffer Fiber, Large Core Glass Fiber, Simplex Fiber Cable, Duplex Fiber Optic Cable, OM4 OM3 10G Fiber Cable, Indoor Distribution Cable, Indoor & Outdoor Cable, Outdoor Loose Tube Cable, Fiber Breakout Cable, Ribbon Fiber Cable, LSZH Fiber Optic Cable, Armored Fiber Optic Cable, FTTH Fiber Optic Cable, Figure 8 Aerial Cable, Plastic Optical Fiber, PM fiber & Special Fiber, etc. They are used for different applications, one must do a thorough research before buying fiber cables for network cabling.